The Dog Paddle Is Just an Underwater Jog

Pooches doing the ‘dog paddle‘ are basically just trotting underwater, a new study concludes.

It's a technique that armadillos, turtles and even humans can use to stay afloat and move in water.

For the research, presented at the 2014 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology meeting held in Austin, biologist Frank Fish and colleagues started out with eight dogs representing six breeds. They ranged from Yorkshire terriers to the Newfoundland.

BLOG: Dogs Have A Butt Compass, Poop Facing N/S Pole

Fish, from West Chester University, and his team recorded the dogs' leg and paw movements, as the dogs swam in ultra-clear water at a rehabilitation pool at the University of Pennsylvania that's normally reserved for horses.

The researchers found that dogs swam with a gait that's nearly identical to a familiar trot on land. When a dog kicks into this kind of slow run, more brisk than a walk, diagonal pairs of legs move together.

When swimming, the only difference was that they moved their legs faster and somewhat beyond the range of motion for a trot.

The dog paddle moves showed very little variation among the different breeds.

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Aside from revealing more about dogs, the research could help to explain how the ancestors of cetaceans, such as whales, dolphins and porpoises, went from long-limbed four-legged land dwellers to permanent sea inhabitants.

Fish suspects that, like dogs, the ancestors of cetaceans just jumped in water - probably to obtain food and shelter - and stayed in it over longer and longer periods. Changes to their musculature and their skeletons eventually led their limbs to become more like paddles.

They probably fumbled a lot when they first took to the water.

As Fish puts it, "How bad are you at the beginning?"

Photo: Frank Fish, SICB

A pointer named “Major” is identified as the first known example of a modern dog. A description of the dog was found in a now-obscure 1865 edition of a Victorian journal called The Field. It marks the earliest reported dog breed based on physical form and pedigree. “The invention of ‘breed,’ physically and imaginatively, still shapes how we see and think about dogs today,” Michael Worboys, Director of the University of Manchester’s Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, told Discovery News. Worboys and his team found the information concerning “Major” while preparing a new museum exhibit on dogs.

The first domestication of dogs was thought to have taken place 31,680 years ago -- but new research suggests the skull in question likely belong to a wolf. This particular specimen was found with a still-visible mammoth bone in its mouth.

The paleolithic dog remains resembled a modern Siberian husky, but suggest an animals that was significantly larger. Today, the Siberian husky, Samoyed and Alaskan malamute breeds are all closely related. "The most remarkable difference between these dogs and recent dog breeds is the size of the teeth,” paleontologist Mietje Germonpré said. Other early dog breeds, with a focus on the U.K., are featured in the museum exhibit curated by Worboys and his team. Entitled “Breed: The British and Their Dogs,” the exhibit runs at the University of Manchester museum through April 14.

Another team of researchers, led by Heidi Parker of the National Human Genome Research Institute, used DNA analysis to determine the genetic relationships of numerous dog breeds. One such ancient breed is the Afghan hound. As its name suggests, it's native to the Middle East. It’s one of the oldest dog breeds in existence, and was originally used for hunting hares and gazelles.

Parker and her team found that Akitas are yet another ancient breed. These dogs originated in Asia and are genetically similar to chow chows. The breed was not included in the first dog show. “The first dog show was in 1859 when only two varieties were shown: pointers and setters,” Worboys said. It had nothing to do with the handsome Akita’s looks, as he explained that the first dog show was “for gun dogs only.”

The sleek-bodied saluki comes from Iran, where its distant ancestors might have once lived near the earliest farmers from the Fertile Crescent. Dogs in this region evolved the ability to eat a starch-rich diet around 12,000 years ago. “Our findings show that it was crucial to early dogs to be able to thrive on a diet rich in starch,” Uppsala University’s Erik Axelsson, who led a related study, told Discovery News. “That indicates that dog domestication may be linked to the development of agriculture. It is possible that dogs may have been domesticated independently at locations where agriculture developed early, such as the Fertile Crescent and China.”

One of the most ancient dog breeds native to the United States is the Alaskan malamute. The DNA study found that they are genetically similar to Siberian huskies. This large, muscular dog was used -- and still is -- for pulling sleds, hauling freight by other means, and for additional work tasks.

The basenji is “an ancient African breed,” according to Parker and her colleagues. While “Major” the pointer is the first documented modern breed of dog, the basenji is arguably the first dog to be heavily bred by humans. Although this dog hails from central Africa, paleontologists believe its wolf ancestors originally came from eastern Asia.

In China, the chow chow is affectionately referred to as Songshi Quan, meaning “puffy-lion dog.” It is genetically close to the Akita, also from Asia. It represents yet another early breed.

Of the four most ancient known Asian dog breeds, the shar-pei was the first to diverge from a wolf ancestor, suggesting it is the oldest known Asian breed. This dog is famous for its deep wrinkles and blue-black tongue. Mutations of the same gene that causes wrinkles in these dogs can also cause wrinkling of human skin.