Climate Talks Begin to Tackle the 'Four Biggies'
Climate negotiators have begun focusing their attention on four potential barriers to a pact in Paris. Continue reading →
As a week of networking events and low-level climate negotiations between bureaucrats gave way Monday to high-level talks, ministers and other senior government officials began focusing their attention on four key sticking points.
Those issues include disputes over financing, proposals for reviewing and adjusting national climate pledges, the differing roles that richer and poorer countries will play in tackling global warming, and determining what actions will be taken before 2020 to address the problem.
Options for addressing contentious issues were marked in square brackets in a 48-page draft of a planned United Nations climate accord. By Friday, negotiators hope to have replaced those bracketed options with definitive resolutions satisfying all countries - a profoundly challenging task that could yet see the negotiations fail, or spill into the weekend.
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"This week is critical for our climate and for each one of us," European Union negotiator Miguel Arias Cañete told reporters on Monday.
So far, the draft text appears to enjoy broad support, although a negotiating bloc representing the world's poorest countries says its concerns aren't being adequately represented. Those countries hope negotiators will commit to trying to limit global warming to less than 1.5°C compared pre-industrial times, far below the adopted goal of keeping warming to less than 2°C. The world has already warmed 1°C, pushing sea levels up more than 8 inches and fueling deadly heat waves.
The broader support for the accord may be largely because the draft still contains multiple options for a variety of issues, each of which is favored by different countries and groups, with the toughest negotiating tasks still ahead.
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Pairs of ministers representing different governments were appointed during the weekend to shepherd negotiations on each of the four key sticking points, as well as on a fifth key issue. That fifth issue relates to the question of how a climate agreement should address the need to adapt to changes caused by global warming.
"Let's call them the four biggies," U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change executive secretary Christiana Figueres told reporters on Monday. The following four "very tough issues" appear to pose the greatest threats to efforts to reach an historic climate accord, and they were the focus of intense talks on Monday.
Differentiation Climate negotiations since the 1990s have been dominated by the differentiation of countries into two categories - richer and poorer. The pollution-reduction mandates of the Kyoto Protocol, a 1997 U.N. climate pact, affected only the richer countries.
The agreement that's being negotiated in Paris would call on the haves and the have nots alike to tackle the problem of global warming, compelling negotiators to find a new way of delineating the obligations of developed and developing countries.
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Financing and Support Developed countries have committed to providing $100 billion a year in climate financing to poorer ones by 2020, but negotiators haven't been able to agree on what kinds of financial support can count toward that figure.
Despite a slew of recent pledges, including a $1 million pledge by the city of Paris on Monday, it also remains unclear how those funds will be raised - or what kinds of contributions could be counted toward the $100 billion figure.
A recent OECD report used methodologies adopted by wealthy countries to conclude that they were well on their way to meeting the $100 billion promise. But the report counted market-rate loans and financial support for issues that are only tangentially related to climate change, drawing sharp rebukes from countries and groups who say the West is still far from meeting its promises.
Pledge Reviews Before the Paris meeting, nations submitted pledges detailing how they plan to fight global warming after 2020. But the pledges fall far short of what's needed to prevent a temperature rise of 2°C from preindustrial times - a dangerous amount of warming that negotiators regard as their upper limit.
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As prices of solar power and other clean sources of energy continue to fall, and as political support to eradicate fossil fuel burning grows, countries are expected to be able to submit more ambitious pledges. Through a proposed "ratcheting mechanism," those improved pledges may eventually do enough to limit warming to less than 2°C.
Regular reviews and improvements of climate pledges are planned, but the approach for doing so under a Paris agreement must yet be resolved. Those steps would be linked with scientific reviews of progress toward meeting the 2°C goal. Approaches for undertaking those scientific reviews, called stocktaking, are also expected to be laid out in the agreement.
Pre-2020 Actions The climate pledges cover periods after 2020 - but what about the next four years?
Some negotiators want countries to lay out how they plan to tackle global warming before 2020. The developed countries that have done most to cause the problem of climate change, though, have been reluctant to make any promises.
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U.N. official Christina Figueres addresses journalists during climate negotiations.
The effects of global warming are frequently projected decades into the future, but two recent reports -- one from the
U.S. Global Change Research Program
and the other
-- put into sharp focus visible consequences of our warming planet. An increase in temperature, extreme weather, loss of ice and rising sea level are just a few of changes we can measure right now. Let's take a look at some of the most concerning trends.
Glaciers are shrinking worldwide and permafrost is thawing in high-latitude and high-elevation areas, reports this year's Fifth Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Only a few extinctions are attributed to climate change, reports the IPCC, but climate change that occurred much more slowly, over millions of years, caused major ecosystem shifts and species extinctions. Land and sea animals are changing their geographic ranges and migratory patterns due to climate change.
Sea level around the world has increased by about 8 inches since 1880, reports the 2014 National Climate Assessment, which projects a 1 to 4 foot rise by the end of the century.
Excess CO2 is dissolving in the ocean and decreasing the pH of seawater. The ocean is about 30 percent more acidic than it was in pre-industrial times. More acidity in the oceans makes it harder for animals to form calcium carbonate shells and skeletons and erodes coral reefs.
The probability of a Sandy-like storm deluging New York, New Jersey and other parts of the East Coast has nearly doubled compared to 1950, according to the American Meteorological Society. Even weaker storms will be more damaging now than they were 10 years ago because of rising sea levels. Superstorm Sandy cost the nation $65 billion, according to the 2014 National Climate Assessment, and 2012's Hurricane Isaac cost $2.3 billion.
The global sea level rises along with the temperature for two major reasons. For one, heat causes water to expand, which causes the existing water to take up more space and encroach on the coast. At the same time, ice at the poles and in glaciers melts and increases the amount of water in the oceans.
Across the United States, heavy downpours are on the rise, especially in the Northeast and Midwest. Increases in extreme precipitation are expected for all U.S. regions, reports the 2014 National Climate Assessment.
The most recent IPCC report states with "very high confidence" that current climate-related extremes like heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones and wildfires are showing that countries around the world, at all development levels, are significantly unprepared. The American Meteorological Society estimates that approximately 35 percent of the extreme heat in the eastern United States between March and May 2012 resulted from human activities' effects on climate. The AMS warned that deadly heat waves will become four times more likely in the north-central and northeastern United States as the planet continues to warm.